HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Baker, T. L. Articles by Mitchell, G. S. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Baker, T. L. Articles by Mitchell, G. S.

Episodic but not continuous hypoxia elicits long-term facilitation of phrenic motor output in rats

T. L. Baker and G. S. Mitchell

1. Intermittent hypoxia elicits long-term facilitation (LTF) of phrenic motor output in anaesthetized rats. We tested the hypothesis that an equal cumulative duration of continuous hypoxia would not elicit phrenic LTF.

2. Integrated phrenic nerve activity was recorded in urethane-anaesthetized, vagotomized, paralysed and ventilated rats exposed to: (1) 3 X 3 min hypoxic episodes (inspired O₂ fraction (F_I,O2) = 0.11) separated by 5 min hyperoxia (F_I,O2 = 0.5; n = 6), (2) 9 min continuous hypoxia (n = 6), or (3) 20 min continuous hypoxia (n = 7). Isocapnia was maintained throughout the protocol.

3. Consistent with previous studies, phrenic amplitude was significantly elevated for at least 1 h following intermittent hypoxia (78 ± 15% 60 min post-hypoxia; P < 0.05) with an associated increase in burst frequency (11 ± 2.1 bursts min^-1; P < 0.05). In contrast, 9 or 20 min continuous hypoxia did not elicit LTF of either phrenic amplitude (4.7 ± 5.1 and 10.1 ± 10.2% 60 min post-hypoxia, respectively; P > 0.05) or frequency (4.6 ± 1.3 and 5.1 ± 2 bursts min^-1 60 min post-hypoxia, respectively; P > 0.05).

4. The results indicate that hypoxia-induced long-term facilitation of phrenic motor output is sensitive to the pattern of hypoxic exposure in anaesthetized rats.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				P. Levy, J-L. Pepin, C. Arnaud, R. Tamisier, J-C. Borel, M. Dematteis, D. Godin-Ribuot, and C. Ribuot Intermittent hypoxia and sleep-disordered breathing: current concepts and perspectives Eur. Respir. J., October 1, 2008; 32(4): 1082 - 1095. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Wadhwa, C. Gradinaru, G. J. Gates, M. S. Badr, and J. H. Mateika Impact of intermittent hypoxia on long-term facilitation of minute ventilation and heart rate variability in men and women: do sex differences exist? J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2008; 104(6): 1625 - 1633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Mahamed and G. S. Mitchell Simulated apnoeas induce serotonin-dependent respiratory long-term facilitation in rats J. Physiol., April 15, 2008; 586(8): 2171 - 2181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. E. R. Wilkerson, I. Satriotomo, T. L. Baker-Herman, J. J. Watters, and G. S. Mitchell Okadaic Acid-Sensitive Protein Phosphatases Constrain Phrenic Long-Term Facilitation after Sustained Hypoxia J. Neurosci., March 12, 2008; 28(11): 2949 - 2958. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-H. Hsieh, T. E. Dick, and R. E. Siegel Adaptation to hypobaric hypoxia involves GABAA receptors in the pons Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, February 1, 2008; 294(2): R549 - R557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Tadjalli, J. Duffin, Y. M. Li, H. Hong, and J. Peever Inspiratory activation is not required for episodic hypoxia-induced respiratory long-term facilitation in postnatal rats J. Physiol., December 1, 2007; 585(2): 593 - 606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Berner, Y. Shvarev, H. Lagercrantz, A. Bilkei-Gorzo, T. Hokfelt, and R. Wickstrom Altered respiratory pattern and hypoxic response in transgenic newborn mice lacking the tachykinin-1 gene J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2007; 103(2): 552 - 559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. V. Neverova, S. A. Saywell, L. J. Nashold, G. S. Mitchell, and J. L. Feldman Episodic Stimulation of {alpha}1-Adrenoreceptors Induces Protein Kinase C-Dependent Persistent Changes in Motoneuronal Excitability J. Neurosci., April 18, 2007; 27(16): 4435 - 4442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. J. S. Griffioen, H. W. Kamendi, C. J. Gorini, E. Bouairi, and D. Mendelowitz Reactive Oxygen Species Mediate Central Cardiorespiratory Network Responses to Acute Intermittent Hypoxia J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2007; 97(3): 2059 - 2066. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. A. Day and R. J. A. Wilson Brainstem PCO2 modulates phrenic responses to specific carotid body hypoxia in an in situ dual perfused rat preparation J. Physiol., February 1, 2007; 578(3): 843 - 857. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Mahamed and G. S. Mitchell Sleep Apnoea & Hypertension: Physiological bases for a causal relation: Is there a link between intermittent hypoxia-induced respiratory plasticity and obstructive sleep apnoea? Exp Physiol, January 1, 2007; 92(1): 27 - 37. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. G. Zabka, G. S. Mitchell, and M. Behan Conversion from testosterone to oestradiol is required to modulate respiratory long-term facilitation in male rats J. Physiol., November 1, 2006; 576(3): 903 - 912. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. A. Braga, R. N. Soriano, and B. H. Machado Sympathoexcitatory response to peripheral chemoreflex activation is enhanced in juvenile rats exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia Exp Physiol, November 1, 2006; 91(6): 1025 - 1031. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. P. Harris, A. Balasubramaniam, M. S. Badr, and J. H. Mateika Long-term facilitation of ventilation and genioglossus muscle activity is evident in the presence of elevated levels of carbon dioxide in awake humans Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2006; 291(4): R1111 - R1119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. McGuire, Y. Zhang, D. P. White, and L. Ling Phrenic long-term facilitation requires NMDA receptors in the phrenic motonucleus in rats J. Physiol., September 1, 2005; 567(2): 599 - 611. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. A. Day and R. J. A. Wilson Specific carotid body chemostimulation is sufficient to elicit phrenic poststimulus frequency decline in a novel in situ dual-perfused rat preparation Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2005; 289(2): R532 - R544. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. J. Golder and G. S. Mitchell Spinal Synaptic Enhancement with Acute Intermittent Hypoxia Improves Respiratory Function after Chronic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury J. Neurosci., March 16, 2005; 25(11): 2925 - 2932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Morelli, M. S. Badr, and J. H. Mateika Ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide at low and high levels of oxygen are elevated after episodic hypoxia in men compared with women J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2004; 97(5): 1673 - 1680. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Rey, R. Del Rio, J. Alcayaga, and R. Iturriaga Chronic intermittent hypoxia enhances cat chemosensory and ventilatory responses to hypoxia J. Physiol., October 15, 2004; 560(2): 577 - 586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. R. Reeves and D. Gozal Platelet-activating factor receptor modulates respiratory adaptation to long-term intermittent hypoxia in mice Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2004; 287(2): R369 - R374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. M. Bocchiaro and J. L. Feldman From The Cover: Synaptic activity-independent persistent plasticity in endogenously active mammalian motoneurons PNAS, March 23, 2004; 101(12): 4292 - 4295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. H. Mateika, C. Mendello, D. Obeid, and M. S. Badr Peripheral chemoreflex responsiveness is increased at elevated levels of carbon dioxide after episodic hypoxia in awake humans J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2004; 96(3): 1197 - 1205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Neubauer and J. Sunderram Oxygen-sensing neurons in the central nervous system J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2004; 96(1): 367 - 374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. McGuire, Y. Zhang, D. P. White, and L. Ling Chronic intermittent hypoxia enhances ventilatory long-term facilitation in awake rats J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2003; 95(4): 1499 - 1508. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-J. Peng and N. R. Prabhakar Reactive oxygen species in the plasticity of respiratory behavior elicited by chronic intermittent hypoxia J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2003; 94(6): 2342 - 2349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Gozal, S. R. Reeves, B. W. Row, J. J. Neville, S. Z. Guo, and A. J. Lipton Respiratory Effects of Gestational Intermittent Hypoxia in the Developing Rat Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., June 1, 2003; 167(11): 1540 - 1547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. S. Mitchell and S. M. Johnson Plasticity in Respiratory Motor Control: Invited Review: Neuroplasticity in respiratory motor control J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2003; 94(1): 358 - 374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Babcock, M. Shkoukani, S. E. Aboubakr, and M. S. Badr Determinants of long-term facilitation in humans during NREM sleep J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2003; 94(1): 53 - 59. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. W. Bavis and G. S. Mitchell Plasticity in Respiratory Motor Control: Selected Contribution: Intermittent hypoxia induces phrenic long-term facilitation in carotid-denervated rats J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2003; 94(1): 399 - 409. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. McGuire, Y. Zhang, D. P. White, and L. Ling Effect of hypoxic episode number and severity on ventilatory long-term facilitation in awake rats J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2002; 93(6): 2155 - 2161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M. Blitz and J.-M. Ramirez Long-Term Modulation of Respiratory Network Activity Following Anoxia In Vitro J Neurophysiol, June 1, 2002; 87(6): 2964 - 2971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. R. Prabhakar, R. D. Fields, T. Baker, and E. C. Fletcher Intermittent hypoxia: cell to system Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, September 1, 2001; 281(3): L524 - L528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. B. Olson Jr., C. J. Bohne, M. R. Dwinell, A. Podolsky, E. H. Vidruk, D. D. Fuller, F. L. Powell, and G. S. Mitchel Ventilatory long-term facilitation in unanesthetized rats J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2001; 91(2): 709 - 716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ling, D. D. Fuller, K. B. Bach, R. Kinkead, E. B. Olson Jr, and G. S. Mitchell Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia Elicits Serotonin-Dependent Plasticity in the Central Neural Control of Breathing J. Neurosci., July 15, 2001; 21(14): 5381 - 5388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Gozal and D. Gozal Physiological and Genomic Consequences of Intermittent Hypoxia: Invited Review: Respiratory plasticity following intermittent hypoxia: developmental interactions J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2001; 90(5): 1995 - 1999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]