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Topical Review |
1 Division of Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
The LKB1
AMPK cascade is switched on by metabolic stresses that either inhibit ATP production (e.g. hypoxia, hypoglycaemia) or that accelerate ATP consumption (e.g. muscle contraction). Any decline in cellular energy status is accompanied by a rise in the cellular AMP: ATP ratio, and this activates AMPK by a complex and sensitive mechanism involving antagonistic binding of the nucleotides to two sites on the regulatory 
subunits of AMPK. Once activated by metabolic stress, AMPK activates catabolic pathways that generate ATP, while inhibiting cell growth and biosynthesis and other processes that consume ATP. While the AMPK system probably evolved in single-celled eukaryotes to maintain energy balance at the cellular level, in multicellular organisms its role has become adapted so that it is also involved in maintaining whole body energy balance. Thus, it is regulated by hormones and cytokines, especially the adipokines leptin and adiponectin, increasing whole body energy expenditure while regulating food intake. Some hormones may activate AMPK by an LKB1-independent mechanism involving Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase kinases. Low levels of activation of AMPK are likely to play a role in the current global rise in obesity and Type 2 diabetes, and AMPK is the target for the widely used antidiabetic drug metformin.
(Received 6 March 2006;
accepted after revision 13 April 2006;
first published online 20 April 2006)
Corresponding author D. G. Hardie: Division of Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, MSI/WTB/CIR Complex, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK. Email: d.g.hardie{at}dundee.ac.uk
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